Determining the safe load that soil can support is fundamental to geotechnical engineering. This process involves analyzing soil properties and applying established theories to estimate the maximum pressure the ground can withstand before shear failure or excessive settlement occurs. Factors considered include soil type (e.g., clay, sand, silt), its density, shear strength parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction), and the depth and width of the foundation. Different methods exist, such as Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory, Meyerhof’s general bearing capacity equation, and Hansen’s bearing capacity factors, each with its own set of assumptions and applicability. For instance, Terzaghi’s theory, a classic approach, is particularly suited for shallow foundations under general shear failure conditions, while Meyerhof’s equation offers a more versatile solution applicable to various foundation depths and soil conditions by incorporating shape, depth, and inclination factors.
The accurate assessment of a soil’s load-bearing ability is vital for ensuring the stability and longevity of structures. Underestimating it can lead to foundation failure, resulting in costly repairs or even catastrophic collapse. Conversely, overestimating it can result in overly conservative and uneconomical foundation designs. Historically, empirical methods and load tests were predominantly used, but the development of theoretical models based on soil mechanics principles has provided more reliable and systematic approaches. The evolution of these calculation techniques has significantly enhanced the safety and efficiency of foundation design, allowing engineers to build larger and more complex structures with confidence.
